Cooperative Impact of Curcuma longa and Phyllanthus niruri Extracts on Cytotoxicity in HCT-116 Cells
Abstract
Background: The combination of herbal extracts has the potential to enhance cytotoxic effects against cancer cells. This study explores the combined cytotoxic effects of Curcuma longa and Phyllanthus niruri extracts on HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells. Objective: To assess the cytotoxic effects of Curcuma longa and Phyllanthus niruri extracts when used in combination and to determine the most effective ratio for inhibiting HCT-116 cell growth. Methods: HCT-116 cells were treated for 24 hours with varying concentrations of Curcuma longa and Phyllanthus niruri extracts based on the IC50 values of each extract administered individually. The concentrations for Phyllanthus niruri were 164 µg/mL (one part), 82 µg/mL (half part), and 41 µg/mL (quarter part), while for Curcuma longa the concentrations were 47 µg/mL (one part), 24 µg/mL (half part), and 12 µg/mL (quarter part). Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay. Results: The combination of Phyllanthus niruri and Curcuma longa extracts demonstrated varied cytotoxic effects. The most effective combination was identified as Phyllanthus niruri to Curcuma longa ratio of 1:0.25, resulting in a 13.5% cell viability rate. Interaction studies using the Chou-Talalay method indicated that the combination index (CI) revealed the most synergistic effect at a ratio of 0.25:0.50. Conclusion: The study identifies that the combination of Phyllanthus niruri and Curcuma longa extracts exhibits synergistic cytotoxic effects on HCT-116 cells, with the optimal combination showing significant inhibition of cell growth. These findings support further investigation into the synergistic potential of these extracts for colorectal cancer therapy.
References
Roshandel, G.; Ghasemi-Kebria, F.; Malekzadeh, R. Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention. Cancers 2024, 16, 1530
Ismail NI, Othman I, Abas F, H Lajis N, Naidu R. Mechanism of Apoptosis Induced by Curcumin in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 May 17;20(10):2454
Kooti W, Servatyari K, Behzadifar M, Asadi-Samani M, Sadeghi F, Nouri B, et al. Effective medicinal plant in cancer treatment, Part 2: Review study. J Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2017;22(4):982-95
Kuruppu AI, Paranagama P, Goonasekara CL. Medicinal plants commonly used against cancer in traditional medicine formulae in Sri Lanka. Saudi Pharm J. 2019;27(4):565-73
Yin SY, Wei WC, Jian FY, Yang NS. Therapeutic applications of herbal medicines for cancer patients. Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2013
Larasati YA, Yoneda-Kato N, Nakamae I, Yokoyama T, Meiyanto E, Kato JY. Curcumin targets multiple enzymes involved in the ROS metabolic pathway to suppress tumor cell growth. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):2039
Perrone D, Ardito F, Giannatempo G, Dioguardi M, Troiano G, Lo Russo L, et al. Biological and therapeutic activities, and anticancer properties of curcumin. Exp Ther Med. 2015;10(5):1615-23
Zhou H, Beevers S, Huang S. The Targets of Curcumin. Curr Drug Targets (2011) 12(3):332–47
Kunnumakkara AB, Bordoloi D, Harsha C, Banik K, Gupta SC, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin Mediates Anticancer Effects by Modulating Multiple Cell Signaling Pathways. Clin Sci (2017) 131(15):1781–99
Sa G, Das T. Anti Cancer Effects of Curcumin: Cycle of Life and Death. Cell division (2008) 3(1):1–14
Taylor, L., 2003. Technical Data Report for Chanca Piedra. In: Herbal Secrets of The Rainforest, 2nd ed., Austin India: Sage Press,Inc
de Araújo Júnior RF., de Souza TP., Pires JGL., Soares LAL., de Araújo AA., Petrovick PR., Guerra GCB., 2012. A dry extract of Phyllanthus niruri protects normal cells and induces apoptosis in human liver carcinoma cells. Experimental Biology and Medicine. 237: 1281-1288
Sureban, S. M., D. Subramaniam, P. Rajendran, R. P. Ramanujam, B. K. Dieckgraefe, C. W. Houchen, and Shrikant Anant. 2006. Therapeutic effects Phyllanthus species: inductions of TNF-α-mediated apoptosis in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 1 (4): 70-6
Sayuti, M., Riwanto, I., Boediono, B.P., & Akbar, T.I. (2020). Anticancer Activity of Phyllanthus Niruri Linn Extract in Colorectal Cancer Patients: A phase II Clinical Trial.
Chou TC (2008) Preclinical versus clinical drug combination studies. Leuk Lymphoma 49: 2059–2080
Elmore S. (2007). Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicologic pathology, 35(4), 495–516.
Sawitri, E. 2009. In vitro anticancer activity of Phyllanthus niruri L. against HCT-116 and HT-29 colon cancer cell lines. Reports Doctoral Research Grants.
Yip, D., A. H. Strickland, C. S. Karapetis, C. A. Hawkins, and P. G. Harper. 2000. Immunomudulation therapy in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Treatment Reviews 26: 169-90.
Screpanti, V., R. P. A. Wallin, A. Grandien, and H. G. Ljunggren. 2005. Impact of FASL-induced apoptosis in the elimination of tumor cells by NK cells. Molecular Immunology 42: 495-9.
Metkar, S. S., B. Wang, M. A. Santelises, S. M. Raja, L. U. Hansen, E. Podack, J. A. Trapani, and C. J. Proelich. 2002. Cytotoxic cel granule-mediated apoptosis: perforin delivers granzyme B-serglycin complexes into target cells witout plasma membrane pore formation. Immunity 16: 417-28.
Bolitho, P., I. Voskobonik, J.A.Trapani, and M. J. Smyth. 2007. Apoptosis induced by the lymphocyte effector molecule perforin. Current Opinion In Immunology 19: 339-47.
Trapani J. Granzymes: A Family of Lymphocyte Granule Serine Proteases. Genome biology 2001; 2.
Sayuti, M., Riwanto, I., Boediono, B.P., & Akbar, T.I. (2020). Anticancer Activity of Phyllanthus Niruri Linn Extract in Colorectal Cancer Patients: A phase II Clinical Trial.
Aggarwal, B.B.; Sung, B. Pharmacological basis for the role of curcumin in chronic diseases: An age-old spice with modern targets. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2009, 30, 85–94
Ismail, N. I., Othman, I., Abas, F., H Lajis, N., & Naidu, R. (2019). Mechanism of Apoptosis Induced by Curcumin in Colorectal Cancer. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(10), 2454.
Kunnumakkara AB, Diagaradjane P, Anand P, Harikumar KB, Deorukhkar A, Gelovani J, et al. Curcumin sensitizes human colorectal cancer to capecitabine by modulation of cyclin D1, COX-2, MMP-9, VEGFandCXCR4expressioninanorthotopicmousemodel.IntJCancer. 2009;125(9):2187-97
Lu, W. D., Qin, Y., Yang, C., Li, L., & Fu, Z. X. (2013). Effect of curcumin on human colon cancer multidrug resistance in vitro and in vivo. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil), 68(5), 694–701.
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Cell and Biomedical Science
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
